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Foreclosure Defense Outline
Perfection of note
Hooker v Northwest
Trustee Services
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Split of note from deed of trust
securitization
In certain cases, mortgage foreclosure defense can be so
effective that the Plaintiff prosecuting the foreclosure is unable to
successfully foreclose. This has been known to happen in cases
involving “lost promissory notes” where the foreclosing Plaintiff is unable
to prove standing sufficient to enforce the mortgage.
So what happens to the borrower’s status with regard to the home when the
lender’s (or entities purporting to be the lender) foreclosure efforts prove
unfruitful? This is a difficult question to answer by reference to
traditionally applicable legal authorities to which lawyers are accustomed
to referring, like common law precedent, rules of procedure, as well as
statutory law like the Uniform Commercial Code. This is likely due to
the fact that such authorities have generally not kept pace with
developments in finance like securitization and “MERS originated mortgages”.
What is clear in the law is that even if the borrower in default escapes
the foreclosure proceedings to live another day, there is, at minimum, a
cloud on the title to the home which will prevent the borrower from being
able to successfully sell, refinance or bequeath the home, and the law has
no clear answer about what the borrower should do to resolve the issue.
Some real estate practicioners have suggested “Quiet Title” actions in which
the homeowner would file a lawsuit that names all purported lienholders
defendants and seeks to “quiet” the title, i.e., extinguish all claims of
the named defendants to the property.
Your goal is to make certain the institution suing you is, in fact, the
owner of the note (see steps to follow below). There is only one original
note for your mortgage that has your signature on it. This is the document
that proves you owe the debt.
During the lending boom, most mortgages were flipped and sold to another
lender or servicer or sliced up and sold to investors as securitized
packages on Wall Street. In the rush to turn these over as fast as possible
to make the most money, many of the new lenders did not get the proper
paperwork to show they own the note and mortgage. This is the key to the
produce the note strategy. Now, many lenders are moving to foreclose on
homeowners, resulting in part from problems they created, and don’t have the
proper paperwork to prove they have a right to foreclose.
THE HARM
If you don’t challenge your lender, the court will simply allow the
foreclosure to proceed. It’s important to hold lenders accountable for their
carelessness. This is the biggest asset in your life. It’s just a piece of
paper to them, and one they likely either lost or destroyed.
When you get a copy of the foreclosure suit, many lenders now
automatically include a
count to re-establish the note. It often reads like this: “…the Mortgage
note has either been lost or destroyed and the Plaintiff is unable to state
the manner in which this occurred.” In other words, they are admitting they
don’t have the note that proves they have a right to foreclose.
If the lender is allowed to proceed without that proof, there is a
possibility another institution, which may have bought your note along the
way, will also try to collect the same debt from you again.
A Tennessee borrower recently had precisely that happen to her. Her
lender, Ameriquest, foreclosed on her in July of 2007. About three months
later, another bank sent her a default notice for the mortgage on the house
she just lost. She called to find out what was going on. After being
transferred from place to place and left on hold for lengthy periods of
time, no one could explain what happened. They said they would get back to
her, but never did. Now, she faces the risk of having her credit continually
damaged for a debt she no longer owes.
FIGHT FOR FAIRNESS
This process is not intended to help you get your house for free. The
primary goal is to delay the foreclosure and put pressure on the lender to
negotiate. Despite all the hype about lenders wanting to help homeowners
avoid foreclosure, most borrowers know that’s not the reality.
Too many homeowners have experienced lender resistance to their efforts
to work out a payment structure to keep them in their homes. Many lenders
bear responsibility for these defaults, because they put borrowers into
unfair loans using deceptive, hard-sell practices and then made the problem
worse with predatory servicing.
Most homeowners just want these lenders to give them reasonable terms on
their mortgages, many of which were predatory to begin with. With the help
of judges who see through these predatory practices, lenders will feel the
pressure to work with borrowers to keep them in their homes. Don’t forget
lenders made incredible amounts of money by using irresponsible practices to
issue and service these loans. That greed led to the foreclosure crisis
we’re in today. Allowing lenders to continue foreclosing on home after home,
destroying our neighborhoods and our economy hurts us all. So, make it hard
for your lender to take your home. Make ‘em produce the note!
STEPS TO FOLLOW
A. If your lender has already filed suit to foreclose on your
home:
- Use the first form. It’s a fill-in-the-blank
legal request to your lender asking that the original note be
produced, before it can proceed with the foreclosure. In some
jurisdictions, the courts require the original request to be filed with
the clerk of court and a copy of the request to be sent to the attorney
representing the lender. To find out the rules where you live, call the
Clerk of Court in your jurisdiction.
- If the lender’s attorney does not respond within 30 days, file a
motion to compel with the court and request that the court set a
hearing on your motion. That, in effect, asks the judge to order the
lender to produce the documents.
- The judge will issue a ruling at your hearing. Many judges around
the country are becoming more sympathetic to homeowners, because of the
prevalence of predatory lending and servicing. In the past, many lenders
have relied upon using lost note affidavits, but in many cases, that’s
no longer enough to satisfy the judge. They are holding the lender to
the letter of the law, requiring them to produce evidence that they are
the true owners of the note. For example:
- In October 2007, Ohio Federal Court Judge Christopher Boyko
dismissed 14 foreclosure cases brought by investors,
ruling they failed to prove they owned the properties they were
trying to seize.
B. If you are in default, but your lender has not yet filed suit
against you:
- Use the second form. It’s a fill-in-the-blank
letter to your lender which also requests they produce the original
note, before taking foreclosure action against you.
- If the lender does not respond and files suit against you to
foreclose, follow the steps above.
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. - Talking about what she sees as one of America’s darkest
hours, attorney April Charney uses some pretty colorful language.
“You ever look into a place where snakes hang out?” she asks in the
middle of a conversation about the loan officers, appraisers, investment
bankers, attorneys and others that she believes are responsible for the
nation’s worsening financial crisis. “That’s what I see here. They’re
writhing and oozing and morphing into creepy stuff with slime all over it.”
Then in her quiet, gentle drawl — the
kind of voice that could get you invited to afternoon drinks on the finest
porches in South Florida, where she grew up — she leans forward and says
quite earnestly, “Not to discredit snakes or anything.”
Charney, a lawyer with the Jacksonville Area Legal Aid agency, is
quickly developing a national reputation as a champion of homeowners facing
foreclosure and a serious adversary for those attempting to take possession
of those homes. Her encyclopedic knowledge of contract law, debt-collection
practice, securitized mortgages, the trusts that hold them and the
agreements that govern the trusts have put her at the forefront of the
rapidly expanding specialty of foreclosure defense.
While carrying her own load of 70 to 100 foreclosure cases as a legal
aid attorney, Charney, 51, also has become one of the nation’s top trainers
of other lawyers eager to learn how to serve the growing clientele spawned
by America’s mortgage meltdown.
About 1,500 lawyers have attended her daylong classes on foreclosure
law so far, 80 to 200 at a time. She has taught in Ohio, California,
Minnesota, South Carolina, Missouri and throughout Florida. She offers the
classes at cost with the help of local bar associations and aid groups and
requires that all students perform 20 hours of pro bono legal work in their
communities.
A trail of trouble
Charney said her crusade was born out of experience. Over and over again,
she said, in her cases and those of other attorneys she met, she found
sloppiness, fraud and outright criminality in the nation’s mortgage lending
industry. Regardless of why her clients have been unable to pay their
mortgages, she maintains that nobody deserves to lose a home to the
unethical and illegal foreclosure procedures that she claims are now being
used by many banks and
loan
servicers.
Her work has earned her the enmity of many a lender and high praise
from consumer advocates. “She is definitely a woman who walks the talk and
carries a big stick that will crush those who defy consumer laws,” wrote Moe
Bedard, president of Loan Safe Solutions, a company that tries to help
homeowners prevent foreclosure.
The Mortgage Bankers Association, the
trade group that represents 2,400 companies from all sectors of real estate
finance,
did not respond to msnbc.com’s invitation to comment about Charney and her
sweeping indictment of the industry and its business practices.
And
the American Bankers Association, unfamiliar with her work, had no comment.
But clients like Vickie Lewis of Jacksonville, for whom Charney has
staved off foreclosure for more than four years, adore her. “She’s an
angel,” said Lewis. “Without Miss Charney, I would have been out a long time
ago.”
Long days, even on
'vacation'
Charney pursues her calling with
energy and enthusiasm. On a recent “vacation day,” she met for hours with a
reporter, then saw clients until 8:30 p.m. in her downtown Jacksonville
office, which is so crammed with case files, law books and other materials
she hasn’t been able to shut the door or hold a meeting there for quite some
time.
She has no sacred cows, and is currently taking on the Jacksonville
area Habitat for Humanity, a darling of many liberal social activists, over
construction quality and other issues.
Charney, separated from her husband, is often at her desk
preparing briefs after midnight but manages to maintain close contact with a
daughter, 25, a third-year law student, and a son, 23, who received a degree
in anthropology last year and is now interning with the U.S. Park Service.
She prefers sweaters and jeans to suits, and dreams about being able to
spend more time running rivers and hiking wilderness trails.
A University of Miami law school graduate who spent years in private
practice in Arkansas and worked in other legal aid offices before coming to
Jacksonville four years ago, Charney said she became an expert on lending
law when her caseload of foreclosures increased and she began to notice a
number of disturbing trends that have yielded her key defense strategies.
First, because of the way mortgages have been securitized, it’s often
unclear who actually owns the debt, she said. “What we see is that
systematically, the originating lenders only pledged these loans and didn’t
actually transfer them” to the trusts that are supposed to hold them and
issue the securities, she explained.
But only the true debt owner has the legal standing to be a plaintiff
in a foreclosure, she continued. “That’s first-year law school stuff. If
you’re Joe and the debt doesn’t belong to you, it belongs to Marjorie, then
Marjorie better be in court, not Joe. Don’t come in as Joe and tell me you
have the right to be there when you know full well you don’t.”
Sketchy
documentation
Yet, time and again, loan servicers and others have sought plaintiff status,
often by using affidavits stating that the actual notes had been lost, she
said. “I’ve seen paperwork filed by lawyers saying, ‘We anticipate
assignment’” of the debt, she said with a scoff.
And the loan originators can’t appear in court and claim the right to
foreclose because they would be in violation of securities laws for not
transferring the loan to the trust when they were supposed to, she said.
Making an issue out of the actual ownership of
the securitized title might strike some as a shameless stalling tactic aimed
at abetting a debtor who, after all, owes the money.
But Charney said that if such basic legalities aren’t adhered to, a
homeowner could pay his or her way out of a foreclosure jam only to wind up
in another when a new plaintiff emerges claiming to own the debt. She
described cases in which homeowners have been sued for foreclosure by two
different trusts, each claiming they owned their house, and cases where
trusts have been sent documents on the same case by two different servicers.
Charney has a number of other defenses
that focus on other sloppy and illegal practices by lenders and mortgage
servicers. Some homeowners in foreclosure, such as those with FHA-insured
loans like her client Vickie Lewis, were “entitled to very special default
case management, and they didn’t get it,” she said. These people might not
be in foreclosure if they had, she said.
Trouble is
in the stock
The FHA loan program exists to enable low- and moderate-income Americans,
including many with poor credit, to buy homes. FHA anticipates that
borrowers in its programs will have more difficulty staying current on their
loans than so-called prime borrowers, and therefore requires lenders to
offer a range of options to troubled clients.
“I think that they are entitled to relief" because they didn't get
the help they were supposed to, Charney said.
Still other clients wind up in foreclosure because they were the
victims of predatory lending practices and outright fraud when they got
their loans, Charney said. If that can be shown in court, the foreclosure
may be tossed out.
Charney prefers to settle cases, often using the flaws she exposes in
debt ownership and loan servicing to gain reworked, more manageable
mortgages for her clients.
“Where we were settling cases at 7 percent interest, I’m now wanting
to settle them at 4 percent interest or 3 percent interest,” she said. “I’m
now settling for tenants where the lender, in lieu of rent, has them
maintain the property. You have to adjust to the circumstances.”
Charney said that in a number of her cases, once there is no longer
an ability for the loan servicer to profit, the foreclosure “just goes to
sleep, and unless I’m going to pursue it, nobody’s setting hearings,
nobody’s pursuing anything to get it to trial.”
After five years, which is the statute of limitations to enforce a
contract in Florida, she can try to help her clients own their homes
mortgage-free, Charney said. The first opportunity for her to help clients
do that may arise next year.
Most cases
remain in limbo
And that legal limbo is where the lion’s share of her cases stand now,
Charney said. So far this year, she has achieved two “workouts” and lost two
cases. “Many, many, many” of the rest are in sleep mode or getting a single
filing each year by plaintiffs’ attorneys just to keep them alive.
Bert Ely, a longtime analyst of the financial services industry and a
scholar at the conservative Cato Institute who was among the first to
predict the S&L scandal of the 1980s, said lenders may detest tactics like
the ones Charney employs, but “this is well-established in bankruptcy
practice, that you have to properly perfect the security interest, and if
you haven’t, you’re screwed. … Debtors’ lawyers immediately start looking
for flaws in how the debt is protected. Creditor attorneys always worry
about this.”
“It kind of boggles my mind that this is even an issue” in the
nation’s current mortgage mess, he said. “I don’t understand how lawyers let
this happen in the first place.” Mortgage-lending and servicing is “a matter
of dotting the I’s and crossing the T’s. … That’s what puts the discipline
in the process.”